... there was pigeons in the barn but this one fell out of the nest or-something, got quite (inc). Dad liked it, he was getting old then, and he didn't move around so much, and he used to go to the granary and get a quart of wheat, and then he'd raise his window and put it on the sill of the window, and the pigeon would come over and eat it.

... if there was too much and wouldn't fit in the barn, and then there was somebody to cut the bands on the sheaves, band cutters, and ah, then there was feeding the mill the sheaves, and ah, carrying the grain to the granary. And I think that covers most of them.

Interviewer: Uh-huh. How did they take out the stumps? Speaker: Eh? Interviewer: How did- Speaker: Chopped them out of the stone with a- an axe. And this old grubhoe. Grubhoe, they called it. You couldn't break it, you-know.

Interviewer: Uh-huh. How did they take out the stumps? Speaker: Eh? Interviewer: How did- Speaker: Chopped them out of the stone with a- an axe. And this old grubhoe. Grubhoe, they called it. You couldn't break it, you-know.

Speaker: See, here's the different- here's the different attachment th-- ah, this is called a collar and hames. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Speaker: And this is called the Dutch-c-- or, the breast collar. Interviewer: Hm. Speaker: Goes around under his neck, there, and- and this strap holded it up from falling down under his feet.

First thing you put on was the collar. And then you put the hames, throw them over their back and buckle the hames on, belly-band, surcingle or two between the legs- front legs and the belly-band went through it and you buckled.

Interviewer:And what did the driver hold? Speaker: Their lines. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Ah do you know the names of- the name of any of the other pieces of the- of the harness? Speaker: Harness- there was a collar, and um- and ah, hames, the hames were attached to the- to the traces that hitched to the buggy. And then there was the back pad- but I don't know what that's called around. And then um- the tray- ah, no there was ah- another affair attached to the shafts, too.

Interviewer: Is there- a special name for these- these different types of ploughs? Speaker: Oh well yeah, this here is what you call a riding plough. Interviewer: Uh-huh. Speaker: That looks like a two-for a plough there. This'd be a disc. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: Disc-harrow, they were called. This here is the- what they would call the walking plough.

Interviewer: Ah, what other types of horse-drawn machinery would you have? Speaker: Oh, well, or- all kinds. Heavens, there was the disk harrow, and there'd be a harrow. Roller. That was for rolling the ground after the field were sown, to make them smooth. And minder, for cutting the grown. Mower, for mowing the hay. Horse (inc).

Speaker: And he'd disk it all up, like in ready for- and then he'd take the harrows and he'd go to the harrows, and then he'd take the cedar and he'd seed them. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: And ah then he'd harrow again. And c-- to cover the grain like this. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: It was a lot of work on the farm. But ah we never had a tractor on our place at all.

Speaker: And he'd disk it all up, like in ready for- and then he'd take the harrows and he'd go to the harrows, and then he'd take the cedar and he'd seed them. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: And ah then he'd harrow again. And c-- to cover the grain like this. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: It was a lot of work on the farm. But ah we never had a tractor on our place at all.

Speaker: Ah, we- it was pretty rough job ploughing it but they- Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: They used ploughs. And, ah, ah, at the- the very first, all I had was ploughs and a drag harrow. Just drew by horses.

Speaker: Well, I guess, ah, they're- where they- they ploughed it out of, they called that the furrow and ah, I know- I don't know what else we'd say. Interviewer: Yeah. And then you said you used a- a harrow drag next? Speaker: Yes, just a drag harrow. Interviewer: A drag harrow. Speaker: Drag harrow. Interviewer: Sorry, I got the- (laughs) I didn't know that. And what would that do? Speaker: Well that levelled, you see. Interviewer: Yeah. Speaker: It was just- ah, the harrow, it had teeth. Interviewer: Yes. Speaker: Ah, it was an iron affair. Well, in fact there was a- the very first there was- was a sheet of pins roll down through a wooden- ah, wood. And, ah, made- but the- the drag harrow, it had teeth on both- that'd be six inches long.

Interviewer: Did you ever had to clear, ah, fields to get it ready for, ah- for planting? Do you remember doing that? Speaker: Oh yes. No, the women didn't do that. Interviewer: No, that was- that would be- Speaker: That was ploughing (inc) harrowing and all that-sort-of-thing. Interviewer: Mm. No, I meant even before that when it was just, um, sort of- Speaker: Sod.

Speaker: Well, we just go in- and when it sort of- there- ploughs would plough it all up and pick any stones there were, place them on the dikes, you then plough your land or then harrow it. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: Harrowing is kind of just to- to smooth it all, you-know?

Interviewer: Oh so you just say that that field's been ploughed. Speaker: Mm-hm. Interviewer: And then back- Speaker: Broken up. Interviewer: Mm? Speaker: Broken up. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: Mm-hm. Interviewer: And then after that you said you'd use the harrow? Speaker: The harrow or the- or the- or the, ah, disk.

Speaker: The harrow or the- or the- or the, ah, disk. Interviewer: Yeah. Speaker: However if you used the disk sometimes there was a (inc) Interviewer: Did they both do the same thing? Speaker: Oh yes. Well now, I don't know. I think maybe the- the disk went- the harrow smoothes them over. Interviewer: So like- Speaker: Yes. Interviewer: Running a- Speaker: But this cuts them up finely. Interviewer: Mm-hm. Speaker: Gets them all ready for grain.

But then later years if you had to go for the cows it was different because they always give them, ah, a nibble of hash when they brought them in or a meal of some kind and that brought the- they'd come when you call them.

You could say we four farmers go together, we'll buy this little mill and we do our own- took four men to run it and oh we'll do our own- do yours today and mine tomorrow and, ah, next week we'll make our flour for the year and, ah- same with feed for the- hash for the pigs and the- and the cattle and milking and the horses and anything.

Interviewer: They eat the whey? Speaker: Well, yes, you'd mix that with hash, you-know, or provender for pigs.